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href='policy.asp?T_id=6&id=99'>環保知識</a></div><div class='limg'></div> </div> <div id="l_foot"></div> </div> <div id="m_right"> <div id="r_bj"> <div class="rmc">環保知識</div> <div class="rlj">您所在位置：<a href="index.asp">首頁</a> > 環保知識</div> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div style="width:772px; line-height:25px;"> <p align="center"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"><span style="font-size: 24px"><strong>什么是水中的膠體物質？聚集的基本原理和方式</strong></span></span></p> <div align="center"> <hr /> </div> <h3 align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">1、概述</span></span></h3> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> </span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">水中的膠體物質是指直徑在0.0001-0.000001mm之間的微粒（肉眼是無法看見的）。膠體是許多分子和離子集合物。天然水中的元機礦物質膠體主要是鐵、鋁和硅的化合物。水中的有機膠體物質主要是植物或動物的肢體腐爛和分解而生成的腐殖物。其中以湖泊水中的腐殖質含量最多，因此常見的湖泊水呈黃綠色或褐色。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> 由于膠體物質的微粒小，重量輕，單位體積所具有的表面積很大，故其表面具有較大的吸附能力，常常吸附著多量的離子而帶電。同類膠體因帶有同性的電荷而相互排斥，它膠在水中不能相互粘合而處于穩定狀態。所以，膠體顆粒不能藉重力自行沉降而去除，一般是在水中加入藥劑破壞其穩定，使膠體顆粒增大而沉降予以去除。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> </span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">膠體顆粒的聚集</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">亦可稱為</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">凝聚或絮凝</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">。在討論聚集的化學概念時，這兩個名詞常交換使用。這里把</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">由電介質促成的聚集稱為凝聚</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">，而</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">由聚合物促成的聚集稱為絮凝</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> 膠體顆粒長期處于分散狀態還是相互作用聚集結合成為更粗粒子，將決定著水體中膠體顆粒及其上面的污染物的粒度分布變化規律，影響到其遷移輸送和沉降歸宿的距離和去向。</span></p> <h3 align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">2、基本理論</span></h3> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> （</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">1）典型膠體的相互作用理論是以DLVO物理理論為定量基礎</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">。</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">DLVO理論把范德華吸引力和擴散雙電層排斥力考慮為僅有的作用因素，它適用于沒有化學專屬吸附作用的電解質溶液中，而且假設顆粒是粒度均等、球體形狀的理想狀態。這種顆粒在溶液中進行熱運動，其平均功能為2\3</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">KT，兩顆粒在相互接近時產生幾種作用力，即</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">分子范德華力、靜電排斥力和水化膜阻力</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">。這幾種力相互作用的綜合位能隨相隔距離所發生的變化。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> 總的綜合作用位能為：</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">V</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">T</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> = V</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">R</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> V</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">A </span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">式中：V</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">A</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">—由范德華力（引力）所產生的位能；V</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">R</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">—由靜電排斥力所產生的位能。</span></p> <p align="left"> </p> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="ke-zeroborder"> <tbody> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="top"> <p align="center"> <img alt="" height="201" src="http://www.kongfen.cn/kfdxsw/editor/UploadFile/20081226151234336.gif" width="363" /></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left" valign="top"> <img src="http://www.kongfen.cn/kfdxsw/editor/UploadFile/20081226151234861.gif" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> </span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> </span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">由圖中曲線可見：<br /> ① 不同溶液離子強度有不同</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">V</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">R</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">曲線（離子強度越小，雙電層較厚，斥力越大），V</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">R</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">隨顆粒間的距離按指數律下降。<br /> ② V</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">A</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">則只隨顆粒間的距離變化，與溶液中離子強度無關。<br /> ③ 不同溶液離子強度有不同的V</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">T</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">曲線。在溶液離子強度較小時，綜合位能曲線上出現較大位能峰(V</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">max</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">)，此時，排斥作用占較大優勢，顆粒借助于熱運動能量不能超越此位能峰，彼此無法接近，體系保持分散穩定狀態。當離子強度增大到一定程度時，V</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">max</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">由于雙電層被壓縮而降低，則一部分顆粒有可能超越該位能峰。當離子強度相當高時，V</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">max</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">可以完全消失。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> 顆粒超過位能峰后，由于吸引力占優勢，促使顆粒間繼續接近，當其達到綜合位能曲線上近距離的極小值</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">(V</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">min</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">)時，則兩顆粒就可以結合在一起。不過，此時顆粒間尚隔有</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">水化膜</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> 凝聚物理理論說明了凝聚作用的因素和機理，但它只適用于電解質濃度升高壓縮擴散層造成顆粒聚集的典型情況，即一種理想化的最簡單的體系，天然水或其他實際體系中的情況則要復雜得多。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> （</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">2）異體凝聚理論</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">適用于處理物質本性不同、粒徑不等、電荷符號不同、電位高低不等之類的分散體系。</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">異體凝聚理論的主要論點為：如果兩個電荷符號相異的膠體微粒接近時，吸引力總是占優勢；如果兩顆粒電荷符號相同但電性強弱不等，則位能曲線上的能峰高度總是決定于荷電較弱而電位較低的一方</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">。因此，在異體凝聚時，只要其中有一種膠體的穩定性甚低而電位達到臨界狀態，就可以發生快速凝聚，而不論另一種膠體的電位高低如何。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> 天然水環境和水處理過程中所遇到的顆粒聚集方式，大體可概括如下：</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> 1)</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">、</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">壓縮雙電層凝聚</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">：由于水中電解質濃度增大而離子強度升高，壓縮擴散層，使顆粒相互吸引結合凝聚。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> 2)</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">、</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">專屬吸附凝聚</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">：膠體顆粒專屬吸附異電的離子化合態，降低表面電位，即產生電中和現象，使顆粒脫穩而凝聚。這種凝聚可以出現超荷狀況，使膠體顆粒改變電荷符號后，又趨于穩定分散狀況。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> 3)</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">、</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">膠體相互凝聚</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">：兩種電荷符號相反的膠體相互中和而凝聚，或者其中一種荷電很低而相互凝聚，都屬于異體凝聚。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> 4)</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">、</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">“邊對面”絮凝</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">：粘土礦物顆粒形狀呈板狀，其板面荷負電而邊緣荷正電，各顆粒的邊與面之間可由靜電引力結合，這種聚集方式的結合力較弱，且具有可逆性，因而，往往生成松散的絮凝體，再加上”邊對邊”、”面對面”的結合，構成水中粘土顆粒自然絮凝的主要方式。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> 5)</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">、</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">第二極小值絮凝</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">：在一般情況下，位能綜合曲線上的第二極小值較微弱，不足以發生顆粒間的結合，但若顆粒較粗或在某一維方向上較長，就有可能產生較深的第二極小值，使顆粒相互聚集。這種聚集屬于較遠距離的接觸，顆粒本身并未完全脫穩，因而比較松散，具有可逆性。這種絮凝在實際體系中有時是存在的。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> 6)</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">、</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">聚合物粘結架橋絮凝</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">：膠體微粒吸附高分子電解質而凝聚，屬于專屬吸附類型，主要是異電中和作用。不過，即使負電膠體顆粒也可吸附非離子型高分子或弱陰離子型高分子，這也是異體凝聚作用。此外，聚合物具有鏈狀分子，它也可以同時吸附在若干個膠體微粒上，在微粒之間架橋粘結，使它們聚集成團。這時，膠體顆?？赡懿⑽赐耆摲€，也是借助于第三者的絮凝現象。如果聚合物同時可發揮電中和及粘結架橋作用，就表現出較強的絮凝能力。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> 7)</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">、</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">無機高分子的絮凝</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">：無機高分子化合物的尺度遠低于有機高分子，它們除對膠體顆粒有專屬吸附電中和作用外，也可結合起來在較近距離起粘結架橋作用，當然，它們要求顆粒在適當脫穩后才能粘結架橋。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> 8)</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">、</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">絮團卷掃絮凝</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">：已經發生凝聚或絮凝的聚集體絮團物，在運動中以其巨大表面吸附卷帶膠體微粒，生成更大絮團，使體系失去穩定而沉降。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> 9)</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">、</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">顆粒層吸附絮凝</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">：水溶液透過顆粒層過濾時，由于顆粒表面的吸附作用，使水中膠體顆粒相互接近而發生凝聚或絮凝。吸附作用強烈時，可對凝聚過程起強化作用，使在溶液中不能凝聚的顆粒得到凝聚。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> 10)</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">、</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">生物絮凝</span><span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px">：藻類、細菌等微小生物在水中也具有膠體性質，帶電荷，可以發生凝聚。特別是它們往往可以分泌出某種高分子物質，發揮絮凝作用，或形成膠團狀物質。</span></p> <p align="left"> <span style="font-family: '宋體'; color: rgb(0,51,153); font-size: 14px"> 實際水環境中，上述種種凝聚、絮凝方式并不是單獨存在，往往是數種方式同時發生，綜合發揮聚集作用。懸浮沉積物是最復雜的綜合絮凝體，其中的礦物微粒和粘土礦物、水合金屬氧化物和腐殖質、有機物等相互作用，幾乎囊括了上述十種聚集方式。</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div>   <div id="qylj"> <div id="yqs"></div> <div id="qyinfo"> <b>友情鏈接：</b><a 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